Showing posts with label Computers. Show all posts
Networking |
Usually networking protocol are developed on layering. Each layering is responsible for different activities performed during communication in a communication systems that is for performing any task in networking there is set of rules which is strictly followed by networking system.
TCP/IP
TCP/IP is the combination different set of instructions and rules and various layers. It allows protocol suite for all kind of computers and for all kind of operating systems . Basely it consists of four layer system and is below.
1. Application layer system.
For example -
- Telnet
- FTP
For example -
- TCP
- UDP
For example -
- IP
- ICMP
- IGMP
For example -
- Device drivers.
- Interface card.
Application layer
This layering responsible to handles the detail of particular application.
There are many TCP/IP applications which are handled by application layer system.
- Telnet for remote login
- FTP, the File Transfer Protocol
- SMTP, the Simple Mail Transfer protocol, for electronic mail
- SNMP, the Simple Network Management Protocol,
Transport layer
This layer is responsible for to handles the flow of data in between two
hosts. In the TCP/IP protocol suite there are two vastly different transport protocols:
1. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts.
2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) sends packets of data called datagrams from one host to another host.
Network layer
This layer of TCP/Ip handles the moment of packet around a network by routing of packets through - IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), and IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol).
Link layer
This layer is responsible for data linking that is why this layer is also known as Data-link layer. Normally it handles the operating system and the corresponding network interface card in the computer.
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Abstract Computing Devices are studied under automata. It is an important of core computer science.
Concept of Finite Automata are used in following
Software for designing and checking and checks the compatibility with the hardware.
It is used in compiler designing.
Software for scanning large bodies such as web page,to find the occurrence of word, phases, or other pattern.
Software for verification systems.
The advantage of having only a finite number of states is hat we can implement the system with a fix set of resources.
We could implement Automata as a circuit , or as simple form of
program in the codes itself to make perfect decisions. It is also
essential for the study limits of competition
A pioneer of automata theory Alan Turing (1912-1954) Father of Modern Computer Science,English mathematician ,Studied abstract machines called Turing machines even before computers existed .
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Spoofing
It is the process in which somebody tries to get access to your system by pretending as he/she is at trusted person on your system . In this person alter his identity so anyone can trust them because they have a fake identity of your friend or any relative .
Types of Spoofing
It is of four types :
• IP spoofing.
In this attacker switch it's IP address to gain information and to get access on your computer
• Email spoofing.
In this attacker try to get essential information by sending you a frank emails . They ask you give your valuable information as reply .Your response to their emails will help them in crackiong your password
